HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Communication is one activity that is fundamental in human life. Human need to relate to others, recognized by almost all religions have existed since the time of Adam and Eve.Human nature to express its wishes and desires to know the others, is the beginning of human skills to communicate automatically through gesture symbols, then followed by the Traffic to give meaning to each of the symbols in the form of verbal language.When people begin to be able to communicate with other human beings, there is no authentic data that can explain about it. It's just that it is estimated that the human ability to communicate verbally with others is an event that took place suddenly.Everett M. Rogers assess this event as the first generation of human skills to communicate before being able to express his thoughts in writing. [1]Human efforts to communicate further, seen in various forms of their lives in the past.The establishment of settlements in the watershed and the beach, they can be selected for each to make it easier to communicate with the outside world using a boat, raft, and canoe. Gong beater in the Roman and the smoldering fire burning in China are the symbols of communication made by the soldiers on the battlefield.In communicating, people use more gestures, posture and expression, but formulation of the message itself is made possible by the language and symbols that can be understood together.The ability to draw or write the symbols that have meaning is sutau uniqueness of the human species, and this became one of the most significant difference between humans and other creatures on this earth. Humans have started to draw and paint symbols on the stone since the year 35,000 BC, and illustrations such as this becomes an important part in human life for centuries. [2]The development of human communication can not be separated from the influence of the instinct of humanity itself. to survive humans need other humans to help each other. While at this stage to give each other help the communication process will be needed.A. Period Signs and SignalsThis age is the earliest in the history of human development and emerged long before our ancestors dapatberjalan upright. In communicating with each other, the role of instinct (although still very low) is very important. The process of human communication is more based on instinct and not the ratio.It all happened because of the ability of human brain capacity is still very limited.Their brain development is also very slow. Therefore, this time running in thousands of years before the use of motion cues. The sounds and signs of other types of communication preformance.In other words the man actually had to use "words" in communication. However, the communication process that dmaksud not like humans do today. [3]The use of signs and gestures that does not mean that humans of the era can not communicate. Gestures and signs that the communication is known as nonverbal communication. This can still dikattakan communicate even with "language" and his own ability. In summary, merekamengadakan simple communication with all.Philip Liberman (1984) once said that paleoanthropologists have found evidence that the size of the skull length of the tongue, and other tissues in humans show us the position of the pharynx and siara box.According to the experts is viewed from several organs, it can be concluded that an ancient man could not speak like a human now.In other words, they can not speak, because they do not have adequate tools to do that (like that of humans at this time). This is due to neurological and anatomical structure mecukupi not to do so.So the times are finally changing nature and human life, whether changes in physical form as well as changes in the ability to think and communicate.Over thousands of years, communication patterns are not only used, but also experienced improvements from time to time, certainly within the capacity owned.Although there are developments in the communication process, the process has not led to the use of language or conversation as a means of human communication that can be done today. An important development in this era of communication is the use of sign language and gestures as a communication tool. The emergence of signs and gestures as a means of communication comes from perfecting the use of sounds (grunts, cries, and screams) as a means of communication. [4]B. Age Oral LanguageOral communication era runs roughly 300,000 to 200,000 years BC. This era also marked the birth of the embryos ability to speak and speaking in halting within specific communities. Therefore, people in this age is often referred to as homosapiens. Daripenelitian ever done, kemmapuan speak a new language system occurred about 90,000 years to 40,000 years BC. While the language used in full started approximately 35,000 years BC.Cro Magnon human species become the main feature of this era. In the early period of his life, mausia types that already have expertise in making the equipment comes from the stone. As we know, human culture initially started with writing. Stone Age is one of the early development of written language recognition (although just a picture that was made on the stone).Although the development of communication technology begins with the discoveries of the printing letters at a later letter, but the development of the communication itself began with painting skill game animals in the caves which are graphically captured approximately 20,000 years ago. [5]In the early history of human development in the familiar writings, they have been carved or carved figures of animals and humans on the bone, stone, fangs, and other materials. Humans in this era usually bequeathed beautiful paintings on the walls of some caves in the area they live. Hundreds of caves that have been found in Spain and southern France.Almost everyone needs social relationships with other people, and these needs are met malaui message exchange that serves as a bridge to unite human beings with no communication will be isolated. These messages surfaced through human behavior.When we speak, we actually behave. When we waved, smiled, frowned, nodded his head, or give a hint, we're behaving. Often these behaviors are messages, the messages we use to communicate something to others. [6]C. Age of PostsHuman skill communicating orally according to estimates lasted about 50 million years, then entered the second generation in which people begin to have the ability to communicate through writing.Proof of proficiency is marked by the discovery of clay inscribed in Sumeria and Mesopotamia around 4000 BC. Then continues with the discovery of various writings on animal skins and stone statues. Then in a row may be mentioned the use of letters in ancient Egypt (3000 years BC), the alphabet Phunesia (1800 years BC), Ancient Greek letters (1000 years BC), the Latin alphabet (600 years BC). [7]In ancient Mesopotamia (derived from Greek words meaning "land between two rivers") many groups that stop wandering and start building a permanent residence.This is the first cities. The year 6000 BC, Fertile Crescent Valley also became the cradle of civilization.Approaching the year 3500 BC, humans had the idea to develop a simple set of symbols that can be understood by a broad range, namely the letter. The letters represent the spoken voice and a variety of ways, one letter can be combined with other letters sehungga form what we implanted sentence. This system is called a phonetic alphabet.The first phonetic alphabet alphabet derived from the wedge that was developed by the ancient Sumerians. Extensive spread to the Mesopotamia region makes it a precursor hieroglyphics of Egypt. Alphabet wedge that was the forerunner of the Hebrew alphabet and Arabic alphabet. In addition, he also pioneered the Greek alphabet, which in turn drove the presence of the Roman alphabet is now used in English, French, German and most other western languages.Cyrillic alphabet used in Russia and other Slavic countries also evolved from the ancient Greek alphabet. Alphabet of China who was born some time later after the ancient Middle Tinur Alphabet, borrowed by most nations of Asia, eg Japan and Korea, to serve as the basic alphabet used in each language. [8]Mankind has been on this earth half a million years ago. Bones of Australopithecus that was recently discovered, an ape-like creature that is believed by scientists to be the ancestors of modern humans, four million years old.There is also an evidence that 30,000 years ago humans had made equipment and live in groups across the continent. Also found petroglif, or painting stones, whose age approximately 10,000 years, and there are elaborate paintings on the walls of caves in Spain and France which is roughly 18,000 years old. [9]The history of writing itself is one of the process of changing from a picture piktografi into phonetic system, from the use of images to use as simple to make the point more specific. [10]The year that marks human life form groups or clusters for the first time is athun 20,000 BC. Some groups of people living together in a tent which often made semi-permanent.Initially, they never settled in one place, because human nature is to wander. They migrate according to season and settled for a while in a place where d is found the source of their food, among other things, wild animals and seasonal plants.After lasted thousands of years, humans came to the time of writing (this age appeared about 5000 years BC). Communication is no longer done only by relying on verbal, but also supported by the written language.An inscription found informed that about 4000 years BC, were discovered in the ancient city of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Most of these inscriptions depict paintings with rough or scratches on the walls of the building.From the discovery of this inscription can be argued that the existing standard meaning of the message. For example, in a simple picture can mean daytime sun, bending of the arrow means the hunt, and the wavy line means a lake or river. All this became a symbol of the beginning of the history of the emergence of the era of writing.Some paintings of them already using the color composition. Even the painting became the forerunner of today's paintings. Humans in this time painted bison, wildebeest and other animals they hunt. And more importantly is that they have made clothing from animal skins and menmukan hardening techniques using fire clay.The paintings are made by Cro Magnon man kind can be said to be the first evidence of human endeavor in the first best efforts to save the information. [11]Meanwhile, writing the alphabet occurs less than one hundred years later, and growing rapidly. The text is spread throughout the ancient world, and only a few centuries later to the Greek state. Gradually the idea of ​​the use of consonant and vowel symbols appear. At that time the character takes approximately one hundred.A very large number of course, because even though right now we only know two pulu six characters.After much discussion of the historical development of writing variations, one event that we should not leave the event in Greece. This nation has been effectively and simply have a standard system font. About 500 years BC, they have been widely used alphabet.Finally, the alphabet of the Greeks into Rome which later developed and modified.Today, we use capital letters (Majuscule) and lowercase (miniscule) derived from Rome.Gradually alphabet writing system is evolving rapidly and completely. Without the help of this writing system could be illiterate population will be larger. Important developments that had occurred also in science, painting, governmental, and religious.Approximately 2500 years (before the advent of Christianity), the Egyptians found a method of making the type of paper that can be durable than papyrus. Compared with stone, papyrus clearly better. The reason is much easier to write on papyrus with a brush and ink rather than carve in stone. Papyrus itself is its origin is found in the estuary of the River Nile. [12]The oldest books were the resource persons quite unlike our modern ones. They were the resource persons were the resource persons That baked clay tablets used about 5500 years ago, in Babylon and Nineveh in Asia Minor.
The WHO Egyptians lived in the valley of the Nile found a better material than clay to use for books. They used a reed-like plant, called "papyrus". [13]
"Media is the first book of burnt clay, used about 5,500 years ago, in the region of Babylon and Nineveh, a region in Asia Minor.The Egyptians who live in the Nile Valley to find a better material than on the clay to be made into a book. They use a kind of plant called papyrus. "D. Period Occurrences RhetoricAs a forerunner of science communication, rhetoric has a long history. The experts argue that the rhetoric has been around since humans existed. However, the rhetoric as the art of speaking are studied starting in the fifth century BC, when the Sophists in Greece wandering from place to place to teach knowledge about politics and government with particular emphasis on the ability of speech.Government, according to the Sophists, must berdasrkan majority votes or democracy so that the need for efforts to persuade the people to victory in the elections. Then developed the art of speech distortion of facts justifying the objectives, the most important audiences can be attracted his attention and seduced. [14]People who first considered introducing oratori or artistic speech is orangYunanai Sicilia. But the figure is actually the founder of Srakuasa Corax (500 BC). It was he who first meltakkan oratori systematics of five parts. [15]Already since the beginning of the development rhetoric of a difference of opinion (controversy) about some matters relating to rhetoric. The controversy regarding the issue pamakaian stilistika element, concerning the relationship between rhetoric and moral, and educational problems. in speeches.The first controversy concerns the question: is it necessary to use stilistika elements in the speech. There are three streams, namely that approved the use of elements stilistika, who refused, and that is outside the first and second flow.The second controversy concerns the relation between rhetoric and moral: whether the speech should also heed the moral issue. In a speech is usually not presented proofs scientifically. More speech talking about the possibilities, because the listener usually are the ones who are not educated, or people who are not happy to listen to speeches. Gorgias of Leontini therefore, held that an orator must submit evidence both of justice and injustice in the same way either.The third controversy has also emerged since the beginning of the development of rhetoric is a matter of education. The second controversy that has ties with the third.Experts who are ready to accept the rhetoric of moral responsibility in rhetoric, criticizing their colleagues who try to gain advantage in their profession, especially in court. As a result they also disagree about any topic that should be included in the study of rhetoric in education centers. [16]How important rhetoric can be seen from the role of rhetoric in democracy. In this connection, the famous orator called Demosthenes (384-322) that in the days of Greece is famous for his persistence to maintain the independence of Athens from the threat of Macedonian King Phillipus.At the time it has menaji general assumption that where there are a sovereign people's governance system, there should be no regular elections of the people and by the people to choose its leaders. Where democracy is the system of government, where the community itself need people who are adept at speaking in public.Demosthenes in his prime was increased customs prevailing rhetoric of his day, and more emphasis on:a. The spirit of burningb. Intelligence of the mind,c. Abnormalities of the other [17]Meanwhile in developing Romawiyang Tulius rhetoric is Marcus Cicero (106-43 BC) who became famous because of his voice and his book, among others, de Oratore.As an accomplished orator, Cicero has beratmengalun voice, even his speech was sometimes accompanied by tears.Cicero taught that in affecting somebody retor listeners have to convince them with mencermnkan truth and decency. In pelaksanaannnya rhetoric include:a. InvestioThis means finding the materials and themes to be discussed. At this stage the materials and evidence must be briefly discussed with respect to having the speaker:1. educate2. generate confidence3. moveb. Order CollocatioThis means preparing a speech that the speaker asks kecakan in choosing which one is more important, whichever is less important. Drafting speeches were also asked to consider:1. exordium (introduction)2. narratio (exposure)3. confirmation (proof)4. reputation (considerations)5. peroratio (cover) [18]Likewise in Roman rhetoric have much in common with the prevailing rhetoric d Greece.Aristotle argued that the human soul at birth does not have anything, a table that is ready to wax painted by the experience. From Aristotle, John Locke (1632-1704), British empiricism figures, borrowed this concept. According to the empiricist, at the time of birth manusi not have a "mental colors". This color is derived from experience. Experience is the only way the ownership of knowledge.In Greece, since the fifth century BC, famous for a shrine of Apollo at Delphi. To the place where the kings and the people banyajk asking for advice. A priest woman sitting on a chair filled with smoke from the offerings of worship.In the mortal state, the pastor answering questions of visitors, from the song contest problems until the affairs of religion and politics. When criminals in Locri colony for advice how to overcome the chaos, Delphi oracle replied: "Make a law and the prophets." When people ask who the man most wise, through the mouth of the god Apollo Delphi priest replied: "Socrates". From Delphi to spread the famous motto: Gnothi Seauthon (get to know yourself).This motto harass philosophers to try to understand him, so it is said this is the motto that drives the development of philosophy in Greece. [19]E. Technical developments MessagingAlthough there is a presumption that saying is the idea that produce knowledge, but both ideas and knowledge is the product of experience. Psychologically, this means that all human behavior, personality, and temperament is determined by past behavior. [20]What has occurred in the past is an experience that taught things for something new.Will experience difficulty communicating and sending messages in the communication itself has taught mankind to continue to seek and refine a process of communication more effectively than ever before.For example the determination of the symbol or symbols commonly understood, is the influence of the limitations and difficulties communicating in the past that have not been appointed because of the similarity of symbols and symbol.Since primitive times to the present, all groups of people depending on the communication face-to-eye, face to face. However, it is necessary to send a message system to overcome space and time.It is said that the old Persians had set up a series of towers called "post call", and put people who speak out loud and it almost to forward the messages by shouting, relayed from one tower to another tower.The Romans operates a courier service organization called cursus publicus.Between the year 1305 until the early 1800s, the company's House of Taxis have a form of service kkilat meneylenggarakan riding across Europe. In 1628, the organization employs 20,000 employees. The blue and silver uniform courier explore the whole of Europe with a message between the princes and generals, merchants and money lenders. [21]The post office is the first channel of communication wide open for the industrial era.In 1837, the British post office not only bring the messages of the elite, but also serve the 88 million items a year, an extraordinary volume of communication in the size of the time.In 1960, when the era of industry reached its peak, the number reached 10 billion posts. In the same year, the United States post office distributes an average of 355 domestic postal items persetiap men, women, and children in the country. [22]F. Communication Technology AdvancesCommunication growing with the discovery of printing machines in China in the 10th century that Japan mluas to the 12th century. Finally, communication can begin to penetrate the distance and time, particularly after Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440.The development of more perfect communication with the existence of any new discoveries. Louis Daguerre discovered that photography can capture the likeness and events (1822). Samuel Morse found the first long-distance telegraphy (64 KM: 1844).Thomas Alva Edison invented sound recording (phonograph) first, which can capture a practical oral communication (1877). Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone that can accelerate the replacement of communication sounds very time consuming and labor (1876).Guglielmo Marconi discovered radio telegraphy (1898), followed by the discovery of radio telephony by Reginald Fressenden (1900). Christmas Eve 1906, Fressenden pioneered the world's first radio broadcast.Furthermore, Edison invented the talkies (1913). Television was pioneered by Paul Nipkov (1883). Since 1935, television is the cutting-edge communication tools.Meanwhile, wire appeared in Europe early 30's: The network expanded after World War II, which accelerates the delivery of news in the mass media.After that discovery steamboat by Robert Fulton (1807), the railway by George Stephenson (1825), as well as the aircraft by two brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright (1903), is an improved transportation technologies that directly affect the smooth communication. [23]Those years was a stage where communication continues to progress and improvement. Even at the present time we know whose name the Internet, cellphones, computers, and a variety of communications technologies that are already using digital techniques.G. ConclusionThus, two conclusions can be drawn regarding the development of communication standards in the days before the start of the year BC to AD era.In the years BC, the progress of the communication process begins when it determines a set of symbols and symbols that can be widely understood meaning.Further development was the discovery of a number of means to write and describe the symbols and the symbols. Although the characters or letters eventually found, but the emblem and symbols of the pictures first determined as a substitute for voice communication.As for the modern period, although the basic invention of printing was found in China in the 10th century, but the new communication technologies developed in the year 1440 stated, the year in which a more efficient printing machine was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. This is because only after the invention of Gutenberg's printing press was the printing industry, which also of course the communications industry, first began to flourish.